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Solved 2025: FYUG Even Semester Exam, 2025 ECONOMICS: ECODSC-152 (Issues in Indian Economy)

Course No: ECODSC-152 | Time: 3 Hours | Full Marks: 70

UNIT-I

Question 1 (Answer any two) 2 x 2 = 4 Marks

(a) Mention two causes of low economic growth of Indian economy at the time of Independence.

  • Colonial Exploitation: The British policy of using India as a supplier of raw materials and a market for finished goods drained Indian wealth.
  • Stagnant Agriculture: The prevalence of the Zamindari system and lack of modern technology led to extremely low agricultural productivity.

    • (b) Define malnutrition. Mention one government measure to remove the problem.

    Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients.

    One government measure is the POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission), which aims to improve nutritional outcomes for children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers

    .

    (c) Mention two healthcare programmes introduced by the Government of India.

  • Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY): A flagship scheme providing health cover of 5 lakhs per family per year for secondary and tertiary care.
  • National Health Mission (NHM): Focuses on providing accessible, affordable, and quality healthcare to the rural and urban population.

    • Question 2 10 Marks

    Option A

    Importance of Human Resource & Government Initiatives.

    Human resources are the most vital asset for economic development as they transform physical resources into productive output through skills and knowledge

    .

    Initiatives to Universalize Education:
  • Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA): Aimed at providing elementary education to all children in a time-bound manner.
  • Right to Education (RTE) Act: Makes education a fundamental right for children aged 6-14 years.

    • Initiatives to Universalize Healthcare:
  • Mission Indradhanush: To ensure full immunization of children and pregnant women.
  • Janani Suraksha Yojana: Promoting institutional deliveries to reduce maternal and infant mortality.
    • Option B

    Structural Changes since 1991.

    The 1991 New Economic Policy introduced Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG)

    . Key structural changes include:
  • Abolition of Industrial Licensing: Removed barriers to entry for private firms in most sectors.
  • Foreign Investment: Opening the economy to FDI and FII to integrate with global markets.
  • Public Sector Role: Reducing the number of industries reserved for the public sector.

    • UNIT-II

    Question 3 (Answer any two) 2 x 2 = 4 Marks

    (a) Difference between Monocropping and Multiplecropping.

    Monocropping involves growing a single crop on the same land year after year, while multiplecropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season

    .

    (c) Green Revolution as a package programme.

    It is called a "package programme" because it did not rely on a single factor; it required the simultaneous application of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides to succeed

    .

    Question 4 10 Marks

    Option A

    Sources of Agricultural Credit in India.

  • Institutional Sources: Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), and Cooperative Credit Societies.
  • Non-Institutional Sources: Moneylenders, traders, and relatives, which often involve high interest rates.

    • UNIT-III

    Question 5 (Answer any two) 2 x 2 = 4 Marks

    (a) What do you mean by industrialization?

    Industrialization is the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.

    Question 6 10 Marks

    Option B

    Industrial Policy 1991 & Aatmanirvar Bharat.

    The 1991 policy shifted India toward a market-oriented economy by dismantling the "License Raj" and encouraging private participation

    .

    Aatmanirvar Bharat (Self-Reliant India): Launched in 2020, this initiative focuses on five pillars: Economy, Infrastructure, System, Vibrant Demography, and Demand. It emphasizes local manufacturing ("Vocal for Local") and global integration.

    UNIT-IV

    Question 8 10 Marks

    Option A

    Occupational Structure and Development.

    The occupational structure refers to the distribution of the working population across Primary (Agriculture), Secondary (Industry), and Tertiary (Services) sectors

    .

    Relation to Development: As an economy develops, there is a traditional shift from the primary sector toward the secondary and tertiary sectors. In India, while the GDP share of agriculture has declined, it still employs a disproportionately large share of the workforce, indicating "jobless growth" in other sectors.

    UNIT-V

    Question 9 (Answer any two) 2 x 2 = 4 Marks

    (c) What do you mean by poverty line?

    The poverty line is a monetary threshold or level of income/expenditure below which a person is considered to be living in poverty.

    Question 10 10 Marks

    Option A

    Absolute vs. Relative Poverty and Govt. Measures.

  • Absolute Poverty: A condition where a household income is below a necessary level to maintain basic living standards (food, shelter).
  • Relative Poverty: When people lack the minimum amount of income needed to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live.

    • Government Measures:
  • MGNREGA: Guarantees 100 days of wage employment to rural households.
  • PDS (Public Distribution System): Providing subsidized food grains to the poor.

    • Exam Tips

  • For 10-mark questions, always define key terms first before diving into the explanation.
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  • Mention specific years (e.g., 1991 for New Economic Policy) and scheme names correctly[span_47](end_span).

    • Common Mistakes

  • Confusing Absolute Poverty with Relative Poverty.
  • Forgetting to link structural changes to the specific 1991 policy context.

    • Important Formulas & Data Points

  • Poverty Estimation: Head Count Ratio (HCR).
  • Current Pass Marks: 28/70.

    • Answer Presentation Strategy: Use tables to compare concepts (like Monocropping vs. Multiplecropping) to gain better marks

    . Ensure your handwriting is legible and use subheadings for long answers.
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