Unit 1: Nature and Characteristics of Indian Philosophy
Table of Contents
1. General Nature of Indian Philosophy
Indian Philosophy (known as Darshana, meaning "vision" or "direct realization") is not merely a theoretical exercise but a way of life. Its goal is the practical removal of suffering and the attainment of ultimate liberation.
Darshana vs. Western Philosophy
While Western philosophy often emphasizes intellectual curiosity, Indian philosophy emphasizes spiritual discipline (Sadhana). The term "Darshana" implies a direct intuitive experience of reality.
2. Classification: Astika and Nastika
The various systems (Schools) of Indian philosophy are divided into two main categories based on their acceptance of the Vedas.
| Category | Meaning | Schools (Darshanas) |
|---|---|---|
| Astika (Orthodox) | Accept the authority of the Vedas. | Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, Vedanta. |
| Nastika (Heterodox) | Reject the authority of the Vedas. | Charvaka, Jainism, Buddhism. |
3. Common Characteristics
Despite their differences, most Indian schools (except Charvaka) share several common features:
- Practical Aim: Philosophy begins with the recognition of Duhkha (suffering) and aims for its permanent cessation.
- The Law of Karma: The belief that every action has an inevitable consequence. "As you sow, so shall you reap."
- Rebirth (Samsara): The cycle of birth and death until liberation is achieved.
- Spiritual Discipline: Emphasis on self-control, meditation, and ethical living.
- Liberation (Moksha): The ultimate goal of human life—freedom from the cycle of rebirth.
4. Key Foundational Concepts
The Four Purusharthas (Human Ends)
Indian philosophy outlines four goals that every human being should pursue:
- Dharma: Moral duty and righteousness.
- Artha: Wealth and material well-being.
- Kama: Emotional and sensory satisfaction.
- Moksha: Spiritual liberation (the highest goal).
The Law of Karma
Karma is the moral law of cause and effect. It is categorized into three types:
- Sanchita: The storehouse of all past karmas.
- Prarabdha: That portion of past karma currently being experienced in this life.
- Agami: Karma being created now through current actions.
Exam Focus: Tips & FAQs
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Does 'Astika' mean a believer in God?
A: In technical philosophy, no. Astika means one who accepts the Vedas. For example, Sankhya is Astika but originally Atheistic (Nirishvara).
Q: Why is Charvaka unique?
A: Charvaka is the only purely Materialistic school. It rejects the Vedas, Rebirth, Karma, and God, believing only in sensory experience.
Exam Tip
When writing about the General Characteristics, mention that Indian philosophy is often criticized as being "Pessimistic." You should counter this by saying it is actually Optimistic, as it offers a definite path to overcome suffering (Moksha).