Indian Philosophy (known as Darshana, meaning "vision" or "direct realization") is not merely a theoretical exercise but a way of life. Its goal is the practical removal of suffering and the attainment of ultimate liberation.
While Western philosophy often emphasizes intellectual curiosity, Indian philosophy emphasizes spiritual discipline (Sadhana). The term "Darshana" implies a direct intuitive experience of reality.
The various systems (Schools) of Indian philosophy are divided into two main categories based on their acceptance of the Vedas.
| Category | Meaning | Schools (Darshanas) |
|---|---|---|
| Astika (Orthodox) | Accept the authority of the Vedas. | Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, Vedanta. |
| Nastika (Heterodox) | Reject the authority of the Vedas. | Charvaka, Jainism, Buddhism. |
Despite their differences, most Indian schools (except Charvaka) share several common features:
Indian philosophy outlines four goals that every human being should pursue:
Karma is the moral law of cause and effect. It is categorized into three types:
Q: Does 'Astika' mean a believer in God?
A: In technical philosophy, no. Astika means one who accepts the Vedas. For example, Sankhya is Astika but originally Atheistic (Nirishvara).
Q: Why is Charvaka unique?
A: Charvaka is the only purely Materialistic school. It rejects the Vedas, Rebirth, Karma, and God, believing only in sensory experience.
When writing about the General Characteristics, mention that Indian philosophy is often criticized as being "Pessimistic." You should counter this by saying it is actually Optimistic, as it offers a definite path to overcome suffering (Moksha).