Unit 3: Environmental Ethics and Animal Rights

Broadening the moral circle beyond humanity.

1. Anthropocentrism vs. Biocentrism vs. Ecocentrism
2. Peter Singer and Animal Liberation
3. Tom Regan: The Rights View
4. Deep Ecology vs. Shallow Ecology
5. Exam Focus: Speciesism and Moral Standing

1. Ethical Perspectives on Nature

How we value nature depends on our philosophical starting point:

Perspective	Core Belief	Value of Nature
Anthropocentrism	Human-centered. Only humans have intrinsic value.	Instrumental: Nature is a resource for human use.
Biocentrism	Life-centered. All living things have a "will to live."	Intrinsic: Every individual organism has a right to exist.
Ecocentrism	System-centered. Focuses on ecosystems as a whole.	Holistic: The health of the "land" or "biosphere" is the priority.

2. Peter Singer: Animal Liberation

Peter Singer (a Utilitarian) argues that our treatment of animals is based on Speciesism—a prejudice similar to racism or sexism. He proposes the Principle of Equal Consideration of Interests.

Sentience: The ability to feel pain and pleasure is the only criteria for moral standing.
Since animals are sentient, their suffering must be weighed equally with human suffering.
Conclusion: Practices like factory farming and unnecessary animal testing are morally indefensible.

3. Tom Regan: The Rights View

Unlike Singer, Tom Regan rejects utilitarianism. He argues that animals have Moral Rights because they are "Subjects-of-a-life."

Animals have their own lives, desires, and perceptions that matter to them, regardless of their utility to humans.
Regan advocates for the total abolition of animal use in science, agriculture, and commercial hunting.

4. Deep Ecology

Proposed by Arne Naess, Deep Ecology argues for a radical shift in human consciousness.

[Image comparing Shallow Ecology versus Deep Ecology principles]

Shallow Ecology: Fights pollution and resource depletion merely for the sake of human health and affluence.
Deep Ecology: Recognizes that all life has value in itself, independent of its usefulness to humans. It demands a reduction in human population and a change in our lifestyle to "tread lightly" on the earth.

Exam Essentials

Key Term: Speciesism. Be ready to define this and explain how it is used to justify animal exploitation.
The Land Ethic: Mention Aldo Leopold and his famous quote: "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise."
Comparison Question: "Compare Singer’s Utilitarian approach with Regan’s Rights-based approach to animal welfare." (15 marks).