1. India and the USA: From "Estranged Democracies" to Strategic Partners
The relationship between the world's oldest democracy (USA) and the world's largest democracy (India) has shifted from deep suspicion during the Cold War to a Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership today.
The Cold War Era (1947-1991)
During this period, relations were often strained:
- Non-Alignment: The US viewed India's non-alignment as "immoral" or pro-Soviet.
- The Pakistan Factor: The US military alliance with Pakistan (SEATO/CENTO) and its support for Pakistan during the 1971 war created deep distrust.
- Nuclear Issues: India's nuclear test in 1974 (Smiling Buddha) led to US sanctions and technology denial.
The Post-Cold War Turnaround (1991-Present)
After the collapse of the USSR and India's economic liberalization, the relationship warmed up significantly:
- Nuclear Deal (2008): The 123 Agreement effectively recognized India as a nuclear power, ending India's "nuclear isolation."
- Defense Cooperation: India now conducts more military exercises with the US than with any other country. The US has designated India as a "Major Defense Partner."
- The China Factor: Shared concerns about China's rise in the Indo-Pacific have brought the two nations closer through the QUAD (India, US, Japan, Australia).
2. India and Russia (formerly USSR)
Russia has traditionally been described as India’s "all-weather friend." The relationship is built on mutual trust, defense cooperation, and geopolitical balance.
The Soviet Legacy
- 1971 Treaty: The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation was a turning point, providing India with security against the US-China-Pakistan axis during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
- Economic Support: The USSR helped India build its heavy industries (Bhilai, Bokaro Steel Plants) when the West was reluctant.
- The Veto: The USSR/Russia has frequently used its veto in the UN Security Council to protect India's interests, especially on the Kashmir issue.
Contemporary Relations (Post-1991)
- Defense: Russia remains India's largest arms supplier (e.g., S-400 Missile System, BrahMos missiles).
- Energy: Strong cooperation in nuclear energy (Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant) and oil/gas investments.
- Strategic Autonomy: India maintains its tie with Russia despite Western pressure (e.g., during the Ukraine conflict), highlighting its independent foreign policy.
4. Major Strategic Milestones
To understand current dynamics, keep these key agreements in mind:
- BECA, LEMOA, COMCASA: Foundation agreements signed with the US that allow for deeper military interoperability and intelligence sharing.
- S-400 Deal: A $5 billion deal with Russia for air-defense systems, showing India's willingness to defy US "CAATSA" sanctions to maintain its Russian link.
5. Exam Focus: Tips and FAQs
Exam Tips
- Balance: When writing about major powers, emphasize India's Balancing Act. India wants the US's technology but Russia's geopolitical support.
- Indian Diaspora: Mention the role of the 4 million Indian-Americans in shaping US policy toward India.
- Veto: Always mention the USSR's use of the Veto in 1971; it's a classic example of "tried and tested" friendship.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What was the "Tilt" in US policy in 1971?
A: The US "tilted" toward Pakistan during the 1971 war, even sending the USS Enterprise (7th Fleet) into the Bay of Bengal to intimidate India.
Q: Is India moving away from Russia toward the US?
A: While India is diversifying its arms purchases and joining the QUAD, it continues to view Russia as a vital partner for continental security and energy.