FYUG Even Semester Exam, 2025 Biotechnology (2nd Semester) Human Physiology (BTCIDC-151)

Full Marks: 70 | Pass Marks: 28 | Time: 3 Hours

UNIT-I (Digestive System)

Question 1 (Answer any four) 1 x 4 = 4

(a) Write down the basic composition of bile.

Bile is composed of water, bile salts (sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate), bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), cholesterol, and phospholipids.

(b) What is the composition of saliva?

Saliva consists of approximately 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes, including electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), mucus, and enzymes like salivary amylase (ptyalin) and lysozyme.

(c) What is the function of gallbladder?

The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver until it is needed for digestion in the small intestine.

(d) Name the largest gland of human body.

The Liver is the largest gland in the human body.

(e) What is the function of small intestine?

The small intestine is the primary site for the final chemical digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients and minerals into the bloodstream.

Question 2 (Answer any one) 2

Option A

(a) What are the differences between pancreatic juice and intestinal juice?

Feature Pancreatic Juice Intestinal Juice (Succus Entericus)
Source Secreted by the Pancreas. Secreted by the Crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small intestine.
Enzymes Contains Trypsinogen, Lipase, and Amylase. Contains Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase, and Peptidases.
Option B

(b) Write a brief note on digestion in buccal cavity.

Digestion begins in the buccal cavity through mechanical breaking of food (mastication) by teeth and chemical action of saliva. Salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose.

Question 3 (Answer any one) 8

Option A

(a) Define digestion. Give a detailed account of the mechanisms of digestion of food in the stomach. Describe the products of action of stomach and pancreatic enzymes.

Digestion is the process of breaking down complex, insoluble food molecules into simple, soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Mechanism in Stomach:

  • Food is mixed with gastric juice to form a semi-fluid mass called chyme.
  • Pepsin (activated by HCl) breaks down proteins into peptones and proteoses.
  • HCl provides the acidic medium (pH 1.5–2.5) and kills harmful bacteria.

Products of Action:

  • Stomach enzymes yield proteoses and peptones.
  • Pancreatic enzymes yield amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, and simple sugars.

UNIT-II (Respiratory System)

Question 4 (Answer any four) 1 x 4 = 4

(a) Define respiration.

Respiration is a biochemical process where living cells obtain energy (ATP) by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

(e) State the functions of lungs.

The main function is the exchange of gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide) between the atmosphere and the blood. They also help in pH regulation and vocalization.

Question 5 (Answer any one) 8

Option A

(a) Describe the structure of lungs with the help of a suitable diagram.

Lungs are a pair of spongy, cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity. The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two. They are composed of bronchioles and millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

UNIT-III (Circulatory System)

Question 7 (Answer any four) 1 x 4 = 4

(a) Define blood coagulation.

Blood coagulation (clotting) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot to prevent excessive bleeding after an injury.

(e) Write briefly about pacemaker.

The SA (Sinoatrial) node is the natural pacemaker of the heart. It generates electrical impulses that set the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat.

Question 9 (Answer any one) 8

Option A

(a) Give a detailed account of the mechanism of blood circulation through human heart.

  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium via the Vena Cava.
  2. It passes through the tricuspid valve into the Right Ventricle.
  3. The Right Ventricle pumps it to the lungs via the Pulmonary Artery.
  4. Oxygenated blood returns to the Left Atrium via Pulmonary Veins.
  5. It flows through the mitral valve into the Left Ventricle.
  6. The Left Ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the Aorta.

UNIT-IV (Excretory & Muscular System)

Question 11 (Answer any one) 2

(a) Differentiate between bone and cartilage.

Bone Cartilage
Hard, rigid, and non-flexible. Soft, flexible, and elastic.
Rich in calcium salts. Contains proteins and sugars.

UNIT-V (Nervous & Endocrine System)

Question 15 (Answer any one) 8

Option A

(a) Describe the endocrine role of the pancreas. Give an account of the functions of insulin.

The pancreas acts as an endocrine gland through the Islets of Langerhans. These contain Alpha cells (secreting glucagon) and Beta cells (secreting insulin).

Functions of Insulin:

  • Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.
  • Stimulates glycogenesis (conversion of glucose to glycogen) in the liver and muscles.
  • Inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

Exam Focus Enhancements

Exam Tips: Human Physiology papers often require diagrams for full marks. [span_54](start_span)[span_55](start_span)Practice the heart, lung, and nephron structures.[span_54](end_span)[span_55](end_span)

Common Mistakes: Do not confuse Pulmonary Artery (carries deoxygenated blood) with Pulmonary Vein (carries oxygenated blood).

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Answer Presentation: Always use tables for comparison questions like RBC vs WBC or Bone vs Cartilage to make the answer more readable.[span_58](end_span)