FYUG EVEN SEMESTER EXAM, 2024 ZOOLOGY (2nd Semester) Course No.: ZOOSEC-151T (Medical Diagnostics)

Time: 3 Hours | Full Marks: 50 | Pass Marks: 20

SECTION-A

Answer any fifteen of the following questions: 1 x 15 = 15

1. What is blood plasma?

Blood plasma is the yellowish liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension.

2. What is haemoglobin?

Haemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates.

3. What are the different types of granulocytes present in blood?

The three types of granulocytes are Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.

4. What is anticoagulant?

An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents or reduces the coagulation (clotting) of blood, prolonging the clotting time.

5. What is abnormal sputum?

Abnormal sputum is mucus coughed up from the lower airways that contains pus, blood, or high levels of microorganisms, indicating infection or disease.

6. Why is stool analysis important?

Stool analysis is important for diagnosing conditions affecting the digestive tract, such as infections, poor nutrient absorption, or cancer.

7. What is ketonuria?

Ketonuria is a medical condition in which ketone bodies are present in the urine, often seen in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation.

8. What do you mean by fecal occult blood test?

It is a lab test used to check stool samples for hidden (occult) blood, which may indicate colon cancer or polyps in the colon or rectum.

9. Which hormone is essential for regulating blood sugar levels?

Insulin (secreted by the pancreas) is essential for regulating blood glucose levels.

10. What is aneurysm?

An aneurysm is an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.

11. Name the instrument that is used to measure blood pressure.

Sphygmomanometer.

12. What is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells called?

Cancer.

13. What is tuberculin?

Tuberculin is a sterile protein extract from cultures of tubercle bacilli used in a skin test (Mantoux test) to help diagnose Tuberculosis.

14. Besides lungs, which other parts of the body can get infected by TB?

TB can affect the kidneys, spine, brain (meningitis), and lymph nodes.

15. What organ does hepatitis affect?

The Liver.

16. Which hepatitis virus have DNA material?

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a DNA virus.

17. What is CT scan?

CT (Computed Tomography) scan is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body.

18. What is sonography?

Sonography (Ultrasound) is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce dynamic visual images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body.

19. Mention the use of spiral CT.

Spiral CT is used for faster imaging, reducing motion artifacts, and creating 3D reconstructions of blood vessels and organs.

20. Why is MRI so noisy?

The noise is caused by the electric current in the gradient coils being turned on and off rapidly, causing them to vibrate within the magnetic field.

SECTION-B

Answer any five of the following questions: 2 x 5 = 10

21. What are blood platelets? How are blood platelets counted?

Blood platelets (thrombocytes) are cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. They are typically counted using an automated hematology analyzer or manually using a hemocytometer under a microscope.

22. Write the functions of different plasma proteins present in blood.

Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure and transports hormones.

Globulins: Act as antibodies (immunoglobulins) for defense.

Fibrinogen: Essential for blood clotting.

23. What are abnormal constituents of urine?

Abnormal constituents include Glucose (glycosuria), Proteins (proteinuria), Ketone bodies, Blood (hematuria), and Bile pigments.

24. Why are stool tests considered a valuable tool for diagnosis of gastrointestinal issues?

Stool tests can detect parasites, bacterial infections (like C. difficile), hidden blood (GIT bleeding), and enzyme deficiencies that indicate malabsorption or pancreatic issues.

25. Differentiate between primary and secondary hypertension.

Primary (Essential) Hypertension: Has no identifiable cause and develops gradually over many years. Secondary Hypertension: Is caused by an underlying condition (like kidney disease or thyroid problems) and tends to appear suddenly.

26. Write four differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Feature	Type 1 Diabetes	Type 2 Diabetes
Cause	Autoimmune destruction of beta cells	Insulin resistance and relative deficiency
Onset	Usually in children/adolescents	Usually in adults (age >45)
Insulin	Absolute deficiency; requires injections	Initially high/normal, later low
Weight	Often lean	Often overweight/obese

27. Differentiate between latent TB and active TB.

In Latent TB, the bacteria remain in the body in an inactive state; the person is not sick and cannot spread the disease. In Active TB, the bacteria multiply, make the person sick, and can be transmitted to others.

28. Mention the names of different types of hepatitis.

The main types are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.

29. Write the basic principle of CT scan.

The principle is based on the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues. A rotating X-ray source and detectors collect data from many angles, which a computer reconstructs into cross-sectional "slices".

30. Write the important applications of sonography.

Applications include monitoring fetal development during pregnancy, imaging abdominal organs (liver, kidneys), and guiding needle biopsies.

SECTION-C

Answer any five of the following questions: 5 x 5 = 25

31. What is ESR? Write a note on the principle of ESR and its significance. 1+4=5

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) is the rate at which red blood cells in anticoagulated whole blood descend in a standardized tube over a period of one hour.

Principle: When an inflammatory process is present, high levels of fibrinogen cause RBCs to stick together and form stacks called rouleaux, which settle faster due to increased density.

Significance: It is a non-specific marker of inflammation and is used to monitor conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.

32. What is PCV? Briefly describe the steps involved in the measurement process of PCV. 1+4=5

PCV (Packed Cell Volume), or Hematocrit, is the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood.

Measurement Steps (Microhematocrit method):

Fill a capillary tube with anticoagulated blood.

Seal one end of the tube with clay.

Centrifuge the tube at high speed (e.g., 12,000 rpm) for 5 minutes.

Measure the column of packed RBCs relative to the total blood volume using a reader scale.

33. Describe how urine is analyzed in medical diagnostics. Add a note on how glucose is detected in urine. 4+1=5

Urine analysis (Urinalysis) involves three phases: Physical examination (color, clarity, odor), Chemical analysis (using dipsticks for pH, protein, nitrites), and Microscopic examination (checking for cells, crystals, or bacteria).

Glucose Detection: Glucose is typically detected using a reagent strip (dipstick) impregnated with glucose oxidase, which changes color in the presence of sugar.

34. Write the main purposes of sputum analysis. List three types of microorganism that can be identified in sputum. 2+3=5

Purposes: To identify the cause of respiratory infections (pneumonia, TB) and to check for the presence of abnormal cells (lung cancer).

Identifiable Microorganisms:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Bacteria)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Bacteria)

Candida species (Fungi)

35. Methods of metastasis and metastatic cell detection. 3+2=5

Metastasis occurs when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to form new tumors in other organs. It also occurs through direct seeding in body cavities.

Detection: Metastatic cells are detected using biopsy of secondary sites, PET scans, and MRI to identify distant lesions.

36. What is diabetic ketoacidosis? Add a note on glucose tolerance test and HbA1c test. 1+2+2=5

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): A life-threatening complication of diabetes where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones) due to a lack of insulin.

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT): Measures the body's ability to handle glucose; blood is taken before and after drinking a sugary solution.

HbA1c Test: Measures the average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months by looking at the percentage of glycated haemoglobin.

37. Diagnosis and prevention of TB. 3+2=5

Diagnosis: Mantoux skin test, Sputum culture/AFB staining, and Chest X-ray to look for cavities or infiltrates.

Prevention: BCG vaccination, identifying and treating latent cases, and maintaining good ventilation and respiratory hygiene.

38. What do you mean by HBsAg? Symptoms and preventive measures of Hepatitis B. 1+4=5

HBsAg: Hepatitis B Surface Antigen; its presence indicates that a person is infectious with Hepatitis B.

Symptoms: Jaundice (yellowing of eyes/skin), dark urine, fatigue, abdominal pain, and nausea.

Prevention: Vaccination, practicing safe sex, using sterile needles, and screening blood donations.

39. Basic principle of MRI and its applications. 2+3=5

Principle: MRI uses powerful magnets to align protons in the body. Radiofrequency pulses flip these protons, and as they return to their original state, they emit signals that are processed into images.

Applications: Brain and spinal cord imaging (tumors, strokes), joint and soft tissue injuries, and cardiac imaging.

40. Why are X-rays minimally invasive? Medical conditions they help diagnose. 2+3=5

X-rays are minimally invasive because they pass through the body to create images without requiring surgical incisions or internal probes.

Conditions diagnosed: Bone fractures, pneumonia (chest X-ray), dental cavities, and kidney stones.

Exam Focus Enhancements

Important Formulas / Ranges

Normal Blood Pressure: 120/80 mmHg.

HbA1c Target: Generally below 7% for diabetics.

Normal PCV: Approx. 40-50% for men, 36-44% for women.

Exam Tips

In Section C, always start with a clear definition for 1-mark components.
For imaging questions (MRI/CT), emphasize the Principle vs. the Application as separate paragraphs.
When listing symptoms (like for Hepatitis B), use bullet points for clarity.

Common Mistakes

Confusing Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes onset causes.
Failing to mention the time factor (1 hour) in the definition of ESR.