ZOOLOGY: MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS (ZOOSEC-151) FYUG Even Semester Exam, 2025

Course No: ZOOSEC-151 | Semester: 2nd Semester | Full Marks: 50 | Time: 2 Hours

UNIT-I

Question 1 (Answer any three) 1 x 3 = 3 Marks

(a) What is blood serum?

Blood serum is the clear, yellowish fluid remains from blood plasma after the clotting factors (like fibrinogen) have been removed during the coagulation process.

(b) Mention the function of basophil.

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in inflammatory reactions and allergic responses by releasing histamine and heparin.

(c) What is ESR?

ESR stands for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. It is a blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells sink to the bottom of a tube, used as a non-specific indicator of inflammation in the body.

(d) Mention the name of anticoagulant present in blood.

The natural anticoagulant present in human blood is Heparin.

Question 2 (Answer any one) 2 Marks

Option A: What is blood plasma? Mention the names of plasma protein.

Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.

Major plasma proteins include:

  • Albumin
  • Globulins (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma)
  • Fibrinogen

Option B: Write two importances of medical diagnostic.

  1. Early detection and identification of diseases to initiate timely treatment.
  2. Monitoring the progress of a disease and the effectiveness of prescribed therapies.

Question 3 (Answer any one) 5 Marks

Option A: Define PCV. Write a note on principles, procedure and significance of platelet count using haemocytometer.

Definition of PCV: Packed Cell Volume (PCV), also known as hematocrit, is the measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of red blood cells.

Platelet Count using Haemocytometer:

  • Principle: Whole blood is diluted with a specific diluting fluid (like Rees-Ecker solution) that preserves platelets while lysing other cells. The platelets are then counted in a specific volume using a Neubauer counting chamber.
  • Procedure: Blood is drawn to the 0.5 mark in a Thoma pipette and diluted to the 101 mark. After mixing, a small amount is charged into the haemocytometer. Platelets are allowed to settle and then counted under a microscope in the central large square.
  • Significance: Essential for diagnosing bleeding disorders, thrombocytopenia (low count), or thrombocytosis (high count).

Option B: Mention the names of two stains used for staining blood smear. Add a brief note on procedure and significance of DLC.

Stains: 1. Leishman's Stain, 2. Giemsa Stain.

Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC):

  • Procedure: A thin blood film is prepared on a glass slide, dried, and fixed with methanol or stained directly. The slide is examined under oil immersion, and 100 WBCs are identified and categorized (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils).
  • Significance: Helps detect specific types of infections, leukemias, and allergic reactions based on which specific WBC type is elevated.

UNIT-II

Question 4 (Answer any three) 1 x 3 = 3 Marks

(a) What is glycosuria?

Glycosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine, typically associated with elevated blood sugar levels as seen in diabetes mellitus.

(b) Why is urine pale yellow in colour?

The pale yellow color of normal urine is due to the presence of a pigment called urochrome (or urobilin).

(c) Which disease can be diagnosed by sputum analysis?

Tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia are commonly diagnosed through sputum analysis.

(d) Name the hormone present in the urine of pregnant women.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG).

Question 6 (Answer any one) 5 Marks

Option A: What are the key physical characteristics assessed in stool analysis? Add a detailed note on abnormal constituents found in stool. What do they signify?

Physical Characteristics: Color, consistency, odor, and presence of mucus or blood.

Abnormal Constituents:

  • Occult Blood: Signifies internal bleeding in the GI tract, potentially due to ulcers or colorectal cancer.
  • Excess Fat (Steatorrhea): Signifies malabsorption syndromes or pancreatic insufficiency.
  • Parasites/Ova: Indicates intestinal parasitic infections (e.g., amoebiasis, helminthiasis).

UNIT-III

Question 7 (Answer any three) 1 x 3 = 3 Marks

(a) Which hormone is deficient in diabetes mellitus?

Insulin.

(b) What is the normal blood pressure range for a healthy adult?

Approximately 120/80 mmHg.

(c) What is metastasis?

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary site (where they first formed) to new areas of the body through the blood or lymph system.

Question 9 (Answer any one) 5 Marks

Option A: Discuss long-term complications of hypertension. Add a note on preventive measures for hypertension.

Complications: Heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss (retinopathy).

Preventive Measures: Reducing salt intake, regular physical exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol.

UNIT-IV

Question 10 (Answer any three) 1 x 3 = 3 Marks

(a) What is the causative organism of tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

(b) What does the acronym BCG stand for?

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

(c) Name one common symptom of hepatitis.

Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes).

Question 12 (Answer any one) 5 Marks

Option A: Differentiate between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Explain the treatment strategies for tuberculosis, including DOTS.

  • Pulmonary TB: Affects the lungs and is usually infectious.
  • Extrapulmonary TB: Affects organs other than the lungs (e.g., lymph nodes, bones, brain) and is generally not infectious.

DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course): A WHO-recommended strategy where health workers or trained individuals observe patients as they take their medicine to ensure compliance and prevent drug resistance.

UNIT-V

Question 13 (Answer any three) 1 x 3 = 3 Marks

(a) Who discovered X-ray?

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.

(b) What does CT stand for in CT scan?

Computed Tomography.

(c) What types of waves are used in ultrasound imaging?

High-frequency sound waves (ultrasonic waves).

Question 15 (Answer any one) 5 Marks

Option A: Differentiate between Doppler ultrasound and conventional ultrasound. Explain how ultrasound is used in prenatal care and fetal development monitoring.

  • Conventional Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create 2D images of internal organs and structures.
  • Doppler Ultrasound: Specifically evaluates blood flow through vessels by measuring changes in frequency of sound waves reflecting off moving blood cells.

Prenatal Care: Used to confirm pregnancy, check fetal heartbeat, determine gestational age, and monitor fetal growth and organ development.

Exam Focus Enhancements

Exam Tips

  • Always mention specific normal ranges (e.g., 120/80 mmHg for BP) for full marks.
  • For 5-mark questions, split your answer into Definition, Procedure, and Significance as shown above.

Common Mistakes

  • Confusing Serum and Plasma. Remember: Plasma has clotting factors, Serum does not.
  • In DLC, ensure you name all five types of WBCs to justify marks.

Important Abbreviations List

  • DLC: Differential Leucocyte Count
  • PCV: Packed Cell Volume
  • DOTS: Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course
  • BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Answer Presentation Strategy

Use tables for differentiation questions (e.g., Pulmonary vs Extrapulmonary TB) to highlight key differences clearly.